Anxiety Obsessive Compulsive and Other Related Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 387 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Topics: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Freud mentioned that OCD is played out in overt thoughts and actions. Specifically, he mentioned that Id impulses equals to obsessive thoughts and Ego defenses equals to counter-thoughts or compulsive actions. Also, OCD is related to the anal stage of development where people who suffer from it usually has period of intense conflict between the id and the ego. However, not all psychodynamic theorists agree. Psychodynamic therapies seek to uncover and overcome underlying conflicts and defenses using free association and interpretation. Behaviorists likes to concentrate on explaining and treating compulsions rather than obsessions. Exposure and Response Prevention is a type of treatment behaviorist use where it exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Cognitive theorists indicate that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts and suggest that people with OCD blame them selves for normal (although repetitive and intrusive) thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result. People with OCD tend to have exceptionally high standards of conduct and morality and believe thoughts are equal to actions and are capable of bringing harm as well as they believe people have perfect control over their thoughts and behaviors. Additionally, therapy may include, psychoeducation and guiding the client to identify, challenge, and change distorted cognitions. Research suggests that a combination of the cognitive and behavioral models is often more effective than intervention alone. The biological perspective of OCD is abnormal serotonin activity and abnormal brain structure/functioning. OCD is linked to brain structures such as orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nuclei, thalamus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex. They believe that some of these structures may be too active in people with OCD and some research provides evidence that these two lines may be c onnected. Serotonin along with other neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, and dopamine), plays a key role in the operation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei. Abnormal neurotransmitter activity could be contributing to the improper functioning of the circuit. Some biological therapies suggest the use of some serotonin-based antidepressants can help rebalance the brain circuitry. On average these antidepressants bring improvement to 5080 percent of those with OCD. However, a relapse can occur if medication is suddenly stopped. The most effective research suggests that combination therapy (medication and cognitive behavioral therapy approaches) may be most helpful. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anxiety Obsessive Compulsive and Other Related Disease" essay for you Create order

Why Am I Happy Essay - 1551 Words

Why am I happy? This is perhaps one of the most common questions that the average person asks themselves. Our society has become obsessed with happiness. Even in our very constitution it is written that citizens are entitled to â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† (constitution). Advertisements abound that tell consumers how much more happy they will be if they were to buy a product. In this quest for positive well-being, people take many different paths. In this paper I shall be discussing three separate and distinct ways in which people pursue pleasant experiences, as well as what makes a person more likely to agree with any one perspectives. This is not a paper about happiness; this is a paper about the road to it. Before†¦show more content†¦One widely held definition, as outlined by Layard, states that â€Å"happiness is feeling good as opposed to unhappiness which is feeling bad and wanting things to be different,† or more simply put â₠¬Å"happiness begins where sadness ends.†(Layard) For the purposes of this paper, this definition is very suitable. It takes into account both schools of happiness as well as all levels of happiness. The first cause of happiness is from â€Å"unexpected positive events.† (Lewis) According to this school of thought, happiness arises due to specific positive instances such as being given a gift, receiving a promotion, or winning the lottery. Interviews suggest that this is a large factor in creating happiness. While most agree that this does not really create day to day happiness, all agree that they are happy after an unexpected positive event occurs. (All interviews) The unexpectedness of the event is key. Evidence shows that people in generally are not very good at estimating how much happiness that an event will produce. In fact, almost always one tends to overestimate how happy they will be after an event. Thus, if that event is expected it almost always fails to m eet this idealistic expectation and can actually cause sadness and disappointment. (Weiten) This can be seen in interviews, where, when questioned about McDonalds French fries, interviewees almost invariably answered that theShow MoreRelatedThe Poem The Refuge 1233 Words   |  5 Pagesare, and will be looser. This is funny to say that I was, I am, and and will be great title winner, where nobody loose but I the winner always win. You may think I am dumb and talk about I am being winner is dumbest thing I have ever talk. You can call me whatever you can because I was born with great title that few people in this world had, have, and will have. The title that might get you to know what is that. Let s talk about Bhutan. I think everybody know that country Bhutan that is knownRead MoreSample Resume : My Name Currently Is Devthedinosaur975 Words   |  4 Pagescom/profile/DevTheDinosaur/950d8a3f Age: I am currently 15 years old. Timezone: AEST UTC+10:00 Location: I am currently living in Australia. Gender: I am male. How many hours can you play each day? I can I play up to 10 hours maximum every day and 3 hours minimum. I will give you a schedule : Sunday : 3-6 hours. Monday : 3-6 hours. Tuesday : 3-6 hours. Wednesday : 3-7 hours. Thursday : 3-7 hours. Friday : 3-10 hours. Saturday : 3-9 hours. All these times are not certain but can be possible. ( I may change my scheduleRead MoreEssay about What I Want in a Boyfriend699 Words   |  3 PagesI would like to believe that I am most accurately described as a nurturing, compassionate, and loving boyfriend. All too often my ears pick up on the conversations of people declaring that I am all of these qualities and many more, no conceit intended. 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In English, one of the short stories we read was about an indian camp, where aRead MorePurposeful Life1494 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 1, 2014 Purposeful Life Within this crowded and noisy life, I realized myself as a person having a name, personality, belonging and so on. All belong to me, like my parents, my brother, my game, my house and so like... Then, they told me go ahead and live your life; weave your way through the crowd; it’s your time, and you have the right to live and express yourself. Work hard, collect money, feel happy and enjoy your life ,then finally, make a family, have a nice house and car andRead MoreApplication Essay Sample873 Words   |  4 PagesWhy have you applied to become staff? I wanna be Staff because of two words I care. All the work that I do, I am always working to my best abilities. I have never let down someone in the community, who is unable to attend to their needs and is in need for someone to be capable with them and understand them. 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Adolescence Developmental Psychology and Social Work Practice Free Essays

string(50) " stage development is more likely to be relevant\." Module Title: Human Growth and Behaviour. Assessment Title: What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour through the life-span perspective for social practise? ADOLESCENCE The author’s aim is to outline the advantages as well as disadvantages in adolescence behaviour and human development processes across people life span, and particular adolescence. This essay will look at the different models, theories of social work and the factors that may have influence social work practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolescence: Developmental Psychology and Social Work Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physical, psychological, socio-cultural, environmental and politico-economical are the factors that Bowlby (1999), Erikson (1995), Freud and Piaget (1977) have mentioned in their theories and the author will explore, discuses and examine them. The factors and the theories are numerous to cover in the essay of this size, and with this in mind the author is looking at examining same of them very briefly and same more in depth. In the first part, the author will cover human development through the life span. The reasons why knowledge and understanding of human development throughout the life course are important to social work practice. The author will also outline the importance of our own personal values, and the impact that these may have on social work practice. Understanding the impact of transactions within a person’s life course is important for social work practice in order to understand other people’s lives. However, it is important to remember that although people may experience the same life event, their response to the situation and the decisions that they make will differ. Deferent people have different perceptions of what is happening to them as they move through transitions in their lives. Their response and learning from it might be very different from one individual to the other. For example, one may have enjoyed school, another tolerated it or hated it. Social workers need to recognise in working with people the different transitions and may use them as an opportunity in helping the service users to grow, change, or develop. Of course, there are numbers of different perspectives that could be taken into account of how we develop into who ‘we are’. That is why the author will look at some ideas and theories from biology, sociology, psychology, and their assumptions of what influences they may have on human life. Firstly, the author will look at two theories and try to explain the individual’s behaviour namely, ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’. (Crawford, 2003) The nature viewpoint believes that our genes predetermine who we are and the characteristics we have are inherited, for example people’s physical appearance etc. The problem with this believes is that it suggests that the change is impossible, we are who we are and there is nothing we can do about it. The danger in this thinking is the stereotyping people, and thus supporting prejudice and oppression. On the other hand, the nurture’s viewpoint argues that the environment, and the way we are brought up influence our development, giving the evidence in patterns of family behaviour, for example, introverted or extroverted family members. Again, there is a danger in stereotyping people thus contributing towards oppression. (Crawford, 2003) A sociological approach explains human identity by examining the interactions between people and society in which they live. It explores the different classes of society starting from wide perspective then looking at them and the influence it may have on the individuals. (Giddens, 2001) Physiological approach explains human development by examining the physical development and genetic make-up, for example, biological theories explain a child’s growth and development, concentrating on characteristics inherited from biological family. (Crawford, 2003) Psychology is a discipline, which studies people their thoughts, feelings and emotions. There are many different theories the most relevant to the subject are the developmental psychology and psychosocial theory. Developmental psychology has an approach of how people develop across life course, by exploring their thoughts, feelings and behaviours (Aronson, 2005). Piaget (1977) the author of cognitive development theory believed that the child seeks to understand and adopt into the environment. In doing so, the child undertakes certain actions as it moves through stages of development. Another approach to understand the human life course from a developmental psychology perspective is presented trough theories that focus on behaviour and how behaviour and actions influence our learning. (Piaget, 1977) Skinner’s (1953) behaviourism explained human development as the acquisition of behaviourism that is learned through responses to experiences. Skinner did not see the individual’s thoughts or conscious mind as influencing their behaviours, but rather behaviour as a response controlled by the rewards or punishments in the individual’s environment. (Skinner, 1953) Albert Bandura (1977) also emphasised in his social learning theory the importance of behaviour and the environment, but he saw cognition or thoughts as being a significant factor in the person’s development. Therefore, the social learning theories consider the influence of values, beliefs, self-determination, emotions and thought on the learning process. Psychosocial theories arise from a combination of two perspectives psychology and sociology disciplines. David Howe describes psychosocial as being created by the interplay between the individual’s psychological condition and the social environment (Howe, 1998) Erik Erikson (1995) in his model of life stage development saw people building their identity as they move through ‘crisis’ points in their lives. Each person moving through stages by moral excellence, however the successful progression through each stage, by negotiation of the particular ‘crisis’ to a positive outcome, ensures healthy development (Erikson, 1995) All these theories explain human development as being largely dependent upon the impact of the environment, social and cultural influences. They can be criticised or appreciated for their strengths and weaknesses in the way they explain and describe certain aspects of development. For example, Jean’s Piaget’s (1977) theory of cognitive development could be considered as one of the most comprehensive and logical in helping to understand children’s mental development. However, Piaget’s (1977) theory is not as useful in understanding how life events and challenges influence growth and development in adulthood. Piaget, 1977) For this area of life, course development Erikson’s model of life stage development is more likely to be relevant. You read "Adolescence: Developmental Psychology and Social Work Practice" in category "Essay examples" (Erikson, 1995) The human life can be very complex, influenced by interactions of biological, social, psychological and environmental factors. It is therefore, very important to appreciate a range of theories from across disciplines. It may not be possible for anyone’s theory to explain all aspects of human life and its development. Taking one approach would lead to one aspect of someone’s life leaving the other aspects of the person’s ignored (Adams, 2003). The author believes that each of the models and theories introduced within this essay are valuable to our understanding of human development through the life span. Social workers need to develop an understanding of these theories from a range of disciplines in order to take holistic approach in their practice. Very important aspects of social work practice are assessments, planning, intervention and reviews. Parker (2003) describes a number of aids and activities that social workers may use when gathering and analysing information as they make assessments with service users. (Parker, 2003) Before moving on more deeply to adolescence, the author will briefly look at the importance of childhood and the implications that it has on adolescence, and the rest of life. One of the most important parts of social worker practice is empowering people to be actively involved in processes and decisions that affect their lives. Social workers need to develop this skill as well as other skills like communication and listening to help those who are unable to speak or express themselves. The right of children to have their voices heard has been enshrined in an international treaty, the convention on the Rights of Children (1999). The Convention on the Rights of Children 1991 is a universally agreed set of standards and obligations in relation to the basic human rights that all children have – without discrimination Grant (1991). Early relationships are often viewed by theorists as having a critical role in the person’s emotional well being throughout their life. Attachment theory involves the study of relationships, in particularly early relationships of infants and children. ( Lindon, 1998) Attachment by Lindon (1998) is described as a positive emotional link between two people (a link of affection). The original concept of attachment has been attributed to the studies of John Bowlby (Howe, 1999). He believed that the source development of personality lay in early childhood and that any trauma of failure in these early relationships could permanently shape the development of the child’s personality thus have a great impact on adult’s life. Dozens of studies shown that children rated as securely attached to their mother in infancy are later more sociable, and more positive in their behaviour towards friends and family. They are less dependent on people, less aggressive and disruptive, more empathetic and more emotionally mature in their interactions in school and other settings. Adolescents are also more socially skilled, have friendships that are more intimate, are more likely to be rated as leaders, and have higher self-esteem and better grades Bee (2002). Attachment theory also provides a sophisticated set of ideas for making sense of people’s feelings and behaviours. (Lindon, 1998)) Adolescence in Latin, adolescere means ‘to grow up’ it usually starts with the physical changes associated with puberty, which begin the physical changes to the body. Carlson, 2000) Whilst these are important, there are other critical processes of development: ‘self’ and the search for identity, the development of relationships, for example with friends, and very important changing nature of relationships within families, that are a central feature of this period of an individualâ₠¬â„¢s life. It is a time of not only biological changes but also, psychological and social. Adolescence as a period of life is often seen as a whole period of transition, the transition from childhood to adulthood, probably the most challenging and difficult period of life in terms of development (Herbert, 2002). All adolescence confronts the some development tasks – adjusting to changes in their bodies and the challenge of their developing sexuality and new ways of thinking, as they strive for their own identity, emotional maturity and independence. Consequently, relationships, particularly with the family, will be subject to adoption and change. However, the timing of these changes varies between individuals, influenced by such things as gender, genes and culture (Ackerman, 1958). Adolescence as a period of development maybe considered for a range of different perspectives that focus on biological, psychological and social aspects of development. Davies, 1997) Biological development in adolescence is associated with a whole range of physical changes. Puberty is the period of rapid changes that occur as the person moves from childhood and begins adolescence. Hormones affect every aspect of growth and development and the level of certain hormones rises naturally during adolescence, pri marily causing increased sexual interest and mood swings Numbers of physical changes take place, for example a rapid acceleration in growth and weight. (Bee, 2002) Social development in adolescence is a period of transitions from being a child into being an adult. Adolescents seek greater independence from their parent’s relationships moving more towards their peer relationships (Sugerman, 2001). The peer group and the friendship within it play very important part not only in sharing inner feeling and secrets but also in the development of the individual’s identity, changes in our self-concept and self-image. It provides new ways of thinking about problems, values and relationships. It gives the opportunity to think about themselves and the person they are becoming (Erikson, 1995). Erikson (1995) recognised this as the critical crisis of adolescence in the eight stages of development. He believed that the successful resolution of this depends on how the individual resolved the previous crisis of childhood. This period is critical in making sense of the future. Erikson (1995) believed the key to this is the interactions with peers, families, institutions, especially school, society and so on. Erikson(1995) also suggests that the search for identity is ongoing process during adolescence. He says that they may adopt identity based on parents or society they live in, or opposite to that in which the adolescent adopts rebellious, negative stereotype. There can be a situation where a child does not know or care for their identity may explore different alternatives without making any choices. Another one may achieve their identity through assimilation of the experiences and the future plans. Two important parts of identity in social context are gender and ethnicity. Few studies had explored the issue of possible gender differences in relation to social context, with no trends apparent. In sum, there has been little evidence of gender differences regarding questions of identity structure or developmental process (Adams, 2003). For young people who are not part of a dominant cultural group, there is concern to establish their cultural identity. They must develop a sense of individual identity and ethnic identity that includes self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes (Bee, 2002). For some young people from an ethnic minority group this may be an issue. However, the critical issue is the decisions they may have to make in operating in a culture of racism and in dealing with negative and racist situation. As a social worker, we need to make sure that our practice is anti-racist and anti-discriminatory with promotion of positive images of people from different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Moving on to the end of this piece of work the author will look at the complexity of human life in context of sexual exploration, usage of substances and some of major events and their influences upon adolescence life. Herbert (2002) says that homosexual and lesbian experimentation are ordinary in adolescence however longer term attraction to the some sex or both sexes is reported in fewer than 10 per cent of the population. The way of how others see ‘us’ and think of ‘us’ is of vital importance to the way ‘we’ perceive ‘ourselves’ – our self image. This has particular bearing on how adolescents deal with their dawning realisation of the permanence of homosexual feelings of identification. (Herbert, 2002) Our society relies upon various kind of drugs and substances for every day living. It has become a ‘drug culture’. There is a huge increase of drugs and alcohol usage among young people. For the majority of young people this may be a serious issue. Young people who use substances may demonstrate low self-esteem and self-worth, rebelliousness and lack of aspiration in relation to academic achievement. A distinction needs to be made there are those young people who present with a range of anti-social behaviour, such as criminal activity, aggression, and so on. (Coleman, 1990) This might be difficult but social workers need to know how to balance the rights of young people and their responsibility to society. It might be very difficult to understand people’s life course, especially the influences and the complex events that they may have been through. Recognising the impact of life events is very important, their complexity and the effects, they can have not only on people’s lives but on social work practice too. The impact of parental conflicts, for example being exposed to verbal and physical violence will have an impact on children’s behaviour. Children are generally the losers when their parents’ marriages end in divorce or their long-term partnerships are terminated. Boys and girls are both equally vulnerable says Herbert (2002). Divorce is usually a lengthy process, not simply a single incident in children’s lives. Parental conflict has been associated with poor academic performance, depression and antisocial behaviour (Carlson, 2000). Although not all children will be affected by parental conflict, this behaviour has clear and negative effect on children and their future behaviour. Children who loss their mother before age 11 are more vulnerable to depression and suicide thoughts. Suicide attempts are very much a late adolescent phenomenon, the peak being among 15-19 years old. The rate of attempted suicides for adolescent girls far exceeds that for boys. Frequently the action is unplanned, impulsive and undertaken in a manner that is likely to be discovered. Teenagers sometimes have fantasies about their own death, which involve their ‘ending it all’, and yet surviving the event by ‘attending’ their own funeral where they are able to savour the grief and guilt displayed by errant parents or boyfriend/girlfriend. These fantasies indicate how, in some adolescents, the finality of death is not fully comprehended, or at least not while in a depressed or hysterical state. Herbert, 2002) Other young people may present emotional issues, such as depression and anxiety. A distinction also needs to be made between those that might be associated with development issues and those that may be more serious. For example, small portion of young people will present with psychiatric disorders such as the author mentioned above suicide attempts, schizophrenia, anorexia or bulimia nervosa. (Barker, 2003) One in five children an d adolescents suffer from moderate to sever mental health problems. A significant number of sever problems in childhood, if not adequately treated can lead to lifelong mental illness in adulthood Children whose parent have mental health illness are known to be at higher risk of developing the same difficulty of their own. (Barker, 2003) The cognitive explanation of children’s and young people’s behaviour is concerned not only with what is actually happening but also with their understanding and a mental representation of what is going on. That is why it is important for social workers to have an understanding of ‘normal’ child growth and development. This will allow comparing, and assessing the development of a child that needs to be assessed. Additionally it would help to judge the role of parents, or carers and their ability to meet the demands of the different stages of the child development, their ability to respond to good parenting, their values, attitudes, and the impact that this can have on the child. (Herbert, 2002) Throughout this essay, the author tried to attempt to identify issues that may specifically affect the individual’s experience of adolescence, namely issues of gender, race and culture. Social workers response to different behaviour issues has to depend of an assessment of the individual, and the range of factors, planning a response and supporting children, young people, parents and others to understand and manage their behaviour problems. Understanding of the theories of human development is necessary in establishing effective partnership with people who use social services. In conclusion, the author presents in this essay some of the advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour across the life span. Social workers need to look at the particular individual behaviour in context of life span perspective because only then they can make the right judgement of that person. However, it is very important for social workers to have a holistic approach in understanding someone’s behaviour. This means taking to account every aspect of the individual’s life. In other words, building an understanding of the whole person’s life, not only physical or psychical but also social, cultural, historical factors that may have influence their life. Looking at human behaviour gives also a wider perspective, and it takes the social worker beyond his own particular life experience giving a ‘bigger picture’, understanding of people’s behaviour. However, it is important again to be careful to not stereotyping or labelling people. Finally, social workers need to remember that they are dealing with human beings, unique individuals that is way they need to make sure that when they talk to them they must listen carefully and try to understand them from their perspective. 3,228 words Reference: Ackerman, N. W. (1958) Psychodynamics of family life, Imprint Adams, G. R. (2003) Blackwell’s handbook of adolescence, Blackwell Publishing,   Adams, R (2002) Social work, Themes issues and critical debates. Palgrave, New York. Aronson, E (2005) Social psychology 5ed. Upper Saddle River,  Pearson Education,   Barker, P (2003) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. The craft of caring. Arnold, London Bee, H. (2002) Lifespan development  3ed. Allyn ; Bacon,   Boston. Carlson, N. R. (2000) Psychology, The science of behaviour,  Allyn ; Bacon   Coleman, J. C. (1990) The nature of adolescence,  2ed. Routledge. Crawford, K. (2003) Social work and human development, Learning Matters,  Exeter. Davies, M. (1997) Blackwell companion to social work, Blackwell Publishers, Erikson, E. H. (1995) Childhood and society, Vintage. Giddens, A. (2001) Sociology, 4ed. Polity Press,  Cambridge. Grant, J. P. (1991) The state of the world’s children 1991,  Unicef. Herbert, M. (2002) Typical and atypical development. From conception to adolescence. BPS Blackwell,  Oxford. Howe. D. 1999) Attachment theory, Child maltreatment and family support, A practice and assessment model. Macmillan Press. Lindon, J. (1998) Understanding child development, Knowledge theory and practice. Macmillan Press. Parker, J. (2003) Social work practice. Assessment, planning, intervention and review. Learning Matters, Exeter. Piaget, J. (1977) The origin of intelligence in the child,  Penguin Books, Harmondsworth. Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behaviour , Macmillan Press. Sugarman, L. (2001) Lifespan development, Frameworks, accounts and strategies. 2ed. Psychology Press,  Hove. How to cite Adolescence: Developmental Psychology and Social Work Practice, Essay examples

Healthcare Issues in Numurkah Answers to Students-Assignmenthelp

Question: Write a Letter to the board of the Health Centre in Numburkah explaining the Issues Facing the Community as well as the Nurses working in the Area and Why the Fact Sheet is the most useful Strategy to Overcome these Issues. Answer: The Board, Numurkah Health Center Victoria, Australia 27th April, 2017 RE: ISSUES FACING THE NUMURKAH COMMUNITY The Australian Dietary Guidelines were revised by the National Health and Medical Research in 2013. The recommendations specified in the guidelines are in regard to the minimum amount deemed to be adequate in daily vegetable and fruit intake based on sex and age (See Table 1 in Appendix 1 for details). In a survey done in 2012-2013, the following information was revealed with regard to dietary intake of vegetable and fruits among the Indigenous communities (and which is applicable to the Numurkah community): 15percent of Indigenous communities in the 2-14years age bracket and 3 percent of those in the 15years and above age bracket reported to consume an adequate amount of vegetables and fruit. Of those aged 15 years and above, 42percent and 5percent consumed the recommended amount of vegetables respectively (which is 2 serves and 5-6 serves respectively). Indigenous children aged between 2 and 14 years consumed the recommended amount of fruit (78percent) while 16percent consumed the required amount of vegetables per day. Indigenous Australians aged 12 years and above and living in remote areas, reported to add salt to their food (49percent) in comparison to 39percent of those in non-remote areas. After age adjustment, Indigenous Australians aged 12 years and above had a 1.4 times likelihood over the non-Indigenous peers to report as consuming less than a single fruit in any given day (27percent and 19percent, respectively) They also had a 1.9 times likelihood of reporting as having less than 1 vegetable serving in any given day (9percent and 5percent, respectively) Salt causes a person's body to retain water hence consumption in excess causes the additional water in the body to increase the blood pressure. This can adversely affect the health for a person already diagnosed with high blood pressure. In addition, consumption of too much salt can hinder blood pressure medication from becoming effective. With regard to the inadequate amounts reported on consumption of fruit and vegetables, the 12 and above years age group among Indigenous communities is at risk of having poor health outcomes due to taking an unbalanced diet. Vegetables and fruit comprise what is considered a healthy diet. Reduced consumption of vegetables and fruit has been linked to negative health outcomes as well an increased risk of one acquiring non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In 2010, approximately 6.7 million deaths that occurred across the globe were linked to inadequate consumption of vegetables and fruit (Lim, Vos, Flaxman, et al., 2012). Current evidence shows that consumption of vegetables and fruit in a daily diet aids in reducing the risk of developing coronary heart disease (He, Nowson, Lucas et al., 2007; Hartley L, Igbinedion E, Holmes J et al., 2013), stroke (Hartley et al., 2013) and a number of specific cancers (World Cancer Research Fund, 2007; Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub et al., 2012). There is also evidence albeit limited, that shows that when incorporated in a healthy diet that is low in sugar, fat, and sodium/salt, vegetables and fruits can aid in the prevention of unhealthy weight gain (Ledoux, Hingle, Baran owski, 2011; Alinia, Hels, Tetens, 2009; Giskes, Avendano, Brug et al., 2010 ). Recommendation behavioural interventions that will increase consumption of vegetables and fruit; price incentives including provision of subsidies that reduce the cost of vegetables and fruits; support and promotion of gardening in communities, at homes, and in schools(Evans, Christian, Cleghorn et al., 2012) and food and agricultural systems improvement systems (Thomson Ravia, 2011) Issue: Inadequate food In 201213 there was an approximate 9percent of Indigenous Australians in the 15 years and above age bracket that reported as going without food when their household was unable to purchase food. This percentage was significantly higher in comparison to non-Australian peers in the same age category which stood at 1percent. In the 12 months prior to the survey, Indigenous Australians in the 15 years and above age group had a 7 times likelihood to dwell in households that at one point run out of food and did not have the means to afford more (25percent of Indigenous Australians in comparison to only 3percent of non-Indigenous counterparts) Recommendation The need to create sustainable farming in Numurkah is more critical than ever before. Alternative farming methods such as greenhouse projects set up within communities can offer a solution to food un-sustainability. The board can collaborate with other stakeholders to initiate, implement, support, and monitor greenhouse projects for sustainable agriculture and food supply. Issue: Overweight and Obesity In 201213, an estimated 66% of Indigenous Australians in the 15 years and above age bracket had a BMI score that indicated as being obese or overweight (37 percent and 29percent respectively). After age adjustment, Indigenous adults had a 1.6 times likelihood of being obese in comparison to their non-Indigenous counterparts (See Figure1 Appendix 2). The highest rates of obesity were recorded among Indigenous Australians within the Inner regional areas (40percent) and were the least in areas that are very remote (32percent). The obesity rate recorded in the major cities and remote outer regional areas were similar (37percent and 38percent respectively). The highest rates of obesity were among Indigenous women at 40percent with the rates of overweight being lower at 34 percent while overweight rates among Indigenous men was at 31percent. The rates of obesity and overweight increased exponentially with age. Among Indigenous age group of 15 years and above, these rates increased to 80per cent among those aged 55 years and above. Among the 2-14 years age group of Indigenous children, approximately 30percent are obese or overweight in comparison to 25percent of their non-Indigenous counterparts. Recommendation Intervention programs at the healthcare and community social areas that focus on educating people on the adverse health effects of obesity Health education on eating a balanced diet should be incorporated into the local school curriculum. Nurses Issues The main issues that nurses working in remote and rural areas face include: prescription rights; recognition of role of nursing practitioners by GPs; formal recognition of role of remote and rural established nursing; issues with recruitment that aim at attracting healthcare professionals in the remote and rural areas; variation in culture between cities and rural Australia; isolation; service provision and purchasing as well as funding; standards of education; preparation of undergraduate nursing; strategies and issues of rural postgraduate education; education, clinical skills, and programs on advanced emergency; and attainment of continuous competency (Paliadelis, Parmenter, Parker,2012). Recommendation Nursing ought to be perceived as a bridging solution to the existing gap in human resource. There is also lot of promise in nursing practitioners in enhancing rural centers' capacities in management of chronic conditions for patients that are closer to home. Rural healthcare clinicians need to consider distance and simulation education in order to maintain their skills that are related to low volume, high risk interventions in medicine and in increasing rural staff retention. In addition, incentives that were previously offered to persons willing to work in rural areas should be re-introduced as this could aid in the offsetting of costs related to skills maintenance of rural clinicians while at the same time increasing the probability of recruitment. Further, telehealth should be considered in the provision of specialized care to rural populations as opposed to moving them to bigger centers for medical care. Finally, evidence based, robust, mechanism of moving patients to areas of sp ecialized care when the other options have proved impractical should be fostered so as to prevent the downward trend of poor health outcomes among rural populations (Sandler, 2016). Attached, kindly find a factsheet outlining the health risk of obesity and recommendations that underpin this report. Regards, your Name References 2012-13 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey and 2011-12 Australian Health Survey ABS (2013). Overweight and obesity. 4727.0.55.001 - Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: First Results, Australia, 2012-13. (Retrieved on 27th April 2017). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4727.0.55.001Chapter3102012-13 Alinia S, Hels O, Tetens I. (2009).The potential association between fruit intake and body weight--a review. Obesity Reviews 10(6):639-47. Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, Ellinger S, Haller D, Kroke A et al.(2012).Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. European Journal of Nutrition. 51(6):637-63. Evans CE, Christian MS, Cleghorn CL, Greenwood DC, Cade JE.(2012). Systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to improve daily fruit and vegetable intake in children aged 5 to 12 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 96(4):889-901. Giskes K, Avendano M, Brug J, Kunst AE. A systematic review of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in dietary intakes associated with weight gain and overweight/obesity conducted among European adults. Obesity Reviews. 2010; 11(6):413-29. Hartley L, Igbinedion E, Holmes J, Flowers N, Thorogood M, Clarke A et al. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; 6:CD00987 He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M, MacGregor GA. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2007; 21(9):717-28. Ledoux TA, Hingle MD, Baranowski T. Relationship of fruit and vegetable intake with adiposity: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews. 2011; 12(5):e143-50. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani HA et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380(9859):2224-60. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Table: Calcualte your Body Mass Index Website. (Rettievd on 27th Apriil, 2017). https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmi_tbl.htm Paliadelis PS, Parmenter G, Parker V, Giles M, Higgins I.(2012)The challenges confronting clinicians in rural acute care settings: a participatory research project.Rural and Remote Health(Internet) 12: 2017. Available:https://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=2017(Accessed 27 April 2017) Pi-Sunyer, X. (2009). The Medical Risks of Obesity.Postgraduate Medicine,121(6), 2133. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2074 Sandler, M. (2016) The Challenges of Working in Rural Health. (Retrieved on 27th April, 2017). https://www.arnbc.ca/blog/ruralchallenges/ Thomson CA, Ravia J. A systematic review of behavioral interventions to promote intake of fruit and vegetables. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2011; 111(10):1523-35. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. 2007, AICR, Washington D.C

A Man Of Scotland, A Distinguished Citizen Of The United States, And A

A man of Scotland, a distinguished citizen of the United States, and a philanthropist devoted to the betterment of the world around him, Andrew Carnegie became famous at the turn of the twentieth century and became a real life rags to riches story. Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 25, 1835, Andrew Carnegie entered the world in poverty. The son of a hand weaver, Carnegie received his only formal education during the short time between his birth and his move to the United States. When steam machinery for weaving came into use, Carnegies father sold his looms and household goods, sailing to America with his wife and two sons. At this time, Andrew was twelve, and his brother, Thomas, was five. Arriving into New York on August 14, 1848, aboard the Wiscasset from Glasgow, the Carnegies wasted little time settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, where relatives already existed and were there to provide help. Allegheny City provided Carnegies first job, as a bobbin boy in a cotton factory, working for $1.20 a week. His father also worked there while his mother bound shoes at home, making a miniscule amount of money. Although the Carnegies lacked in money, they abounded in ideals and training for their children. At age 15, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in Pittsburgh. He learned to send and decipher telegraphic messages and became a telegraph operator at the age of 17. Carnegies next job was as a railroad clerk, working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. He worked his way up the ladder, through his dedication and honest desire to succeed, to become train dispatcher and then division manager. At this time, young Carnegie, age 24, had already made some small investments that laid the foundations of his what would be tremendous fortune. One of these investments was the purchase of stock in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company. In 1864, Carnegie entered the iron business, but did not begin to make steel until years later. In 1873, he built the Edgar Thomson works in Braddock, Pennsylvania, to make Bessemer steel. He established many other steel plants, and in 1892, he merged all of his interests into the Carnegie Steel Company. This act from Carnegie is fitting with one of his most famous quotations, Put all of your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket. This firm became one of the greatest industrial enterprises in America. Carnegie later sold it to J.P. Morgans United States Steel Corporation in 1901 for $400 million, which would be a little over $4 billion today! After retiring, Carnegies fortune was estimated to be as large as half a billion dollars. From that time on, with the philosophy that the rich have a moral obligation to give away their money, he devoted himself to philanthropy. Although ironic, this man of great fortune strongly believed in the merits of poverty for the development of character and work ethic, and determined that wealthy men should not leave their fortunes to their children, but should give it away, claiming The man who dies thus rich, dies disgraced. The picture of community service, Carnegie is quoted as saying, Pittsburgh entered the core of my heart when I was a boy, and cannot be torn out. I can never be one hairs breadth less loyal to her, or less anxious to help her in any way, than I have been since I could help anything. My treasure is still with you, and how best to serve Pittsburgh is the question which occurs to me almost every day of my life." Colonel James Anderson, who Carnegie believes to be his childhood benefactor, established a public library in his hometown of Allegheny City. This library was the first opportunity for Carnegie to take advantage of free information, and he developed a vast interest for knowledge, checking out at least one book a week, and developing himself as a young boy. With Colonel Andersons generous contribution to his society molding Carnegies childhood, and his beliefs on how large fortunes can be used for the betterment of society, it becomes obvious that Carnegie would focus particularly on promoting education, establishing 2,811 free libraries in all. Of these, 1,946 were located in the

Explain the ultimate defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Select at least three major reasons for the decline of the Plains culture; then tell which you think was the most important and why. Essays

Explain the ultimate defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Select at least three major reasons for the decline of the Plains culture; then tell which you think was the most important and why. Essays Explain the ultimate defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Select at least three major reasons for the decline of the Plains culture; then tell which you think was the most important and why. Essay Explain the ultimate defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Select at least three major reasons for the decline of the Plains culture; then tell which you think was the most important and why. Essay Explain the ultimate defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Select at least three major reasons for the decline of the Plains culture; then tell which you think was the most important and why. By mrogersl 996 FRQ: Explain the ultimate defeat of the Plains Indians by whites. Select at least three major reasons for the decline of the Plains culture; then tell which you think was the most important and why. From the time that the Spanish reached the New World in 1492, European powers, and later on American, consistently tried to quash the native people, one way or nother. Throughout the 1800s, and especially during the Gilded Age, the federal governments attempts to confine the Native Americans to certain areas were largely ineffective. This was the case because the Plains Indians, along with other tribes, rejected the idea of formal authority and defined territory. This caused friction between the Natives and the government, leading to what would later on be known as the Plains Wars. Ultimately, the Plains Indians were defeated, due to the federal overnments willingness to deploy military force, the settlement of Indian lands by homesteaders and railroads, and especially the destruction of the buffalo upon which the Indian way of life depended. With the influx of miners into traditional tribal lands during the Gold Rush, many came and took land wherever they pleased. In order to avoid conflict, the federal government and five tribes signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, which gave certain exclusive land rights to the tribes, such as ownership of the Black Hills. However, with respassing by gold prospectors onto the Black Hills, the Indians retaliated and attacked, leading to the seize of the Black Hills in 1877. This marked the beginning of the Plains Wars. The federal governments willingness to deploy unrelenting military force was one of the causes leading to the defeat of the Plains Indians. Hostile encounters with the U. S. armed forces often ended in great loss for the Indians, steadily decreasing their populations, and reducing the numbers of warriors they had. The tribes populations had declined so much that they were consistently utnumbered, and could not launch major battles. The decline of the Plains Tribes was also brought about in part by the arrival of homesteaders and railroads onto former Indian lands. The settlement of homesteaders onto their new, free lands came at an expense to native life. Their settlements made it more difficult for the tribes to migrate throughout the Plains to find buffalo. Likewise, the emergence of railroads onto the Plains made life more difficult, by making it harder for the natives to travel, and also by carrying more estward bound passengers, looking to claim more land in native territory. Also, the growth of the railroads led (partially) to the greatest cause of the decline of the Plains From the time railroads were brought into the Plains, thousands of buffalos had been killed, whether it be by being injured by trains, or the influx of white hunters, looking to claim buffalo pelts. The rapid decline in the buffalo population pushed the species nearly into extinction, and with it, nearly destroyed native plain life, which entered around the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and worship. Although the governments military force and the influx of homesteaders, gold prospectors, and railroads both led to the defeat of the Plains Indians, the mortal blow to the tribes was the loss of the buffalo. The Indians had depended on the buffalo for food and clothing, and although the Dawes Act allotted land to the Natives, the Plains had never been a conducive environment for an agrarian lifestyle. The loss of the great herds of buffalo sealed the tribes ultimate and impending doom.

Rhetorical Criticism I Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Criticism I - Article Example While the people at the end are well dressed with the right fire fighting gear, the person between them is naked. The information attached requires a person not to be stupid and use condom for protection. This is to show that those who are well dressed are safe but the naked person is in danger of being burnt up by the fire headed in their direction. Similarly, the ad implies that love making with no protection is as dangerous as putting off fire without the right gear. The person engaging this way is therefore stupid and the fire of infections will in turn catch up with them and burn them up. Therefore, the ad has actually played its informative role very well through the analogy created . In the second ad, the ad shows human hands ready to receive the love symbol. Added down there is the statement â€Å"safe love is true love. When he uses condom, he is saying he love you.† This ad underlines the need to receive and share safe love. It thus delivers the message most appropriately, by avoiding obscene scenarios (Andreas,

Organisational learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational learning - Essay Example If one takes a look at the human civilization, one cannot help noticing that there are many characteristic features that it possesses. While some might suggest that such feature as ability to generate verbal interaction is what really defines the mankind, it is obvious that there are some characteristics that reflect the nature of the humans on a deeper level. The newcomers will be able to learn new from manuals or experienced employees. Another approach to knowledge states that it can be perceived as commodity. This can hardly be seen as an exaggeration since nowadays company are willing to invest into knowledge and some organisations even sell their knowledge or offer their help in producing it. Therefore, the view of knowledge as commodity is fully applicable to an organization. One should also keep in mind that there are two major types of knowledge: explicit and tacit (Collins, 2010). The former is the kind of knowledge that has been codified, written down and passed in different medium. The latter is the knowledge that is passed from an individual to an individual. These two kinds of knowledge are found in organisations. For example, the explicit knowledge can be found in different manuals and employees can easily access. In addition to that, tacit knowledge is provides by experienced individuals who are thought to represent the soul of the company. The explicit knowledge of a company may be copied, but not the tacit knowledge.

Gloalization of Spain Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gloalization of Spain - Term Paper Example This isn’t a reason to turn away from globalization, but it is a reason to be vigilant. This essay will look at the way Spain has become more dependent on other countries through the process of globalization and it will suggest that this has mostly been for the best. Although the exact moment of globalization occurring in Spain is a highly debatable question considering the length of Spains history and its extensive involvement in world affairs, it could be said that 1990s marked the rapid acceleration of the period. Spain decided to go full steam ahead with economic global integration. While other countries were slow to see the positive ramifications of globalization, Spain was not. It saw what it wanted and it struck. After many years of sclerotic economic growth under Franco, Spain was ready to reengage with the world again.1 Of course, with current economic events shaking the world economy, we begin to see some of the potential negative effects of globalization for Spain. The problems point to one of the serious drawbacks of globalization: when you open your economy up to the other economies of the world you can get very rich as long as they do well—but you also become very vulnerable to their problems too. This is something Spain has become concerned about regarding the E.U. in the past, and now with the American economy in shambles, it must again revisit this difficult situation. The global economic crisis has shown that interconnectedness can bring with it negative consequences. While a rising tide lifts all boats, a severe drought makes everyone thirsty. This is a problem that will have to be negotiated on the world stage. Spain has a number of economic problems that result from this, including high unemployment. But in the course of this important debate it is important to remember the benefits that have come with

The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay

The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay Since 1987, the concept of sustainability was mentioned on a coordinated international platform, the movement towards sustainability had been expanded over the globe. The governmental and non-governmental organizations, corporations and consumers those focusing on exist in harmony are increasingly with the surroundings and environmental footprints. The hospitality industry also not exception, therefore the sustainability concept had begun to gain the momentum in this industry. (Ernst and Young, 2008) Alison Sperry (2010) defined that Going Green is making the daily decisions with responsible that benefits to the environment and also can reduce waste and pollution. This concept also encourages a lifestyle of recycling, using chemical-free products, using the alternative energy sources such as the wind and solar, and reducing the dependency on fossil fuels for energy. Hotel businesses developed and operated by the consumption of significant amounts of natural resources which are affected the sustainability of the natural environment. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) therefore, has grown considerably over the last decade due to an increasing number of companies formally recognising the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economy (Jones et.al, 2006). Ernst and Young (2008) defined that green: not a black and white issue. The travellers that concerned about the environment were increasingly and they always make their own determination as to what constitutes greenness in the lodging industry. According to Deloitte Survey (2008) showed that, consumers, employees and individual travellers start to concerned more about the hospitality industrys sustainability. Most of the individuals also start to changes their lifestyles and accepting higher green standards for themselves and also to the companies that they cooperate with. Marriott International has more than twenty-year commitment to start the environmental preservation. The Marriott International is working toward a greener, healthier planet and their operating units are employ methods to protect the surroundings of natural and resources (Marriott, 1996 2010). Every year, the Marriott International and its owners had spent around 10 billion just for buy the products and services for its 3,300 hotels around the world. Marriott International also expanding its green hotels and buildings portfolios. Besides that, approximately 275 of Marriotts hotels have received the ENERGY STAR ® label from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Marriott, 1996 2010). Last but not least, Marriott International also was ranked 42nd out of 100 in The Greenest Big Companies on Newsweeks first-ever list. Moreover, Marriott International also gets the 2009 Tourism for Tomorrow Award for Sustainability in the categories of the Global Tourism Business by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (Marriott, 1996 2010). The Problem Statement The problem of this topic is about how Marriott International. Inc. practices their going green programs in their properties. Marriott International Corporation is a leading worldwide hospitality company (Marriott, 2010). Currently, Marriott has more than 3100 of lodging properties is in the United States and 65 is in other countries and territories through 17 lodging, and vacation resort ownership brands (Marriott, 2009). Marriott Corporation has more than twenty year commitment with environmental preservation (Marriott, 2010). In 2007, Marriott formed a Global Green Council, a cross-functional team of senior executives that collaborated with Conservation International, a global environmental organization, to evaluate its practices, set long-term goals, develop an environmental strategic plan and catalyze its progress (Marriott, 2010). Five-point Environmental Strategy of Marriott International was developed in collaboration with Conservation International which are includes (Marriott, 2009): Reduce Consumption of Water, Waste and Energy Greener Buildings, expansion of LEED-certified hotels Greening Supply Chain Protecting the Rainforest with Carbon Offsets Employee Guest Engagement Over the last decade, for, the Marriott International corporate organized the Going Green programs which involved in energy conservation by changed 450,000 of the light bulbs with fluorescent lighting, installed around 400,000 low-flow of showerheads and toilets and also introduced the linens reuse programs in their hotels worldwide (Marriott, 2009). Besides that, the Marriotts Retro-Commissioning (MRCx) program, planning process and a comprehensive evaluation that helps their properties which conducted more than 30 of their largest properties become as energy efficient as possible (Marriott, 2009). Through the projects to completed over last few years and those which currently under way, Marriott anticipate saving 12 million kilowatts of power (Marriott, 2009). In general, properties find that after it implement all the recommendations that evolved from an MRCx assessment, it energy costs decrease 5 to 25 per cent, they are also achieving on the average and a payback on their invest ment in just 1.4 years (Marriott, 2009). In the Americas, Marriott achieved a 2.2 per cent reduction per available room (Marriott, 2009). In late 2009, through a partnership with a U.S.-based landscaping company, Marriott adopted a climate-specific approach to landscaping, using native plants and restricted colour palettes to reduce irrigation demands and cut the amount of fertilizer required to keep plants healthy (Marriott, 2009). In 2009, Marriotts landfill waste in the USA totalled 726,993 tons which reflects a 17 per cent reduction from 2007(Marriott, 2009). Additionally, its recycling rate also was increased to 69 per cent and all the header quarters waste also was diverted from the landfill to the waste-to-energy plant (Marriott, 2009). Also, Marriott expanding its existing of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle programs that already in place of 90 per cent of hotels which included guest room and meeting rooms (Marriott, 2009). Forty Marriott International hotels are expected to receive the LEED certification from the USGBC (USGBC, 2010). In addition, Marriott internationals global Headquarters in Bethesda was received the LEED-Existing Building Gold status (USGBC, 2010). Moreover, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also had awarded Marriott International for three following years with its Sustained Excellence Award and more than 275 of its hotels also placed the ENERGY STAR ® label (Marriott, 2010). Marriott has teamed up with many Corporation or organizations to help them support their efforts to preserve and protect the environment (Marriott, 2009). For instance, Amazonas Sustainable Foundation (FAS), Conservation International, ENERGY STAR ®, International Tourism Partnership (ITP), and U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). The Marriotts protecting the rainforest strategy is help to protect 1.4 million of acres in endangered rainforest for the Juma Sustainable Development Reserve (Marriott, 2009). Research Questions The followings are some key questions addressed by his research: Is the Marriott International had practiced the going green? How the Marriott International practiced the going green in this industry? Why the Marriott international will practiced the going green? What level of going green programs of Marriott International? What differences between Marriott Internationals going green program with other companies? Does the going green program increase the income of Marriott International? Research Objectives To answer the above research questions, this study seek to accomplish the following objectives: To investigate going green practiced among all Marriott Internationals properties. To determine how the Marriott International practiced the going green. To determine the reasons of Marriott International practiced the going green. To examine the level of going green practiced among all Marriott Internationals properties. To compare the level of going green with other companies. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of going green in Marriott International. To defined the relation between hospitality industry and CSR. Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework Marriott International. Inc. Going Greens Programs The strategies and programs of going green in Marriott International. Inc. Identify the concept and structure of CSR in hospitality industry. The Actions that practices by Marriott International corporate. Theoretical Framework This research mostly searches on the Marriott International Corporate practising the level of going green in most of their properties. The reason why Marriott International become famous in going green program because their organized a lot of events or activities to greening their companies. In the internet or newspaper, we can see that Marriott International corporate organized a lot of activities in greening and get a lot of award internationally in greening program. Besides that, their also is one of the famous go green corporate in the world. Moreover, the going green is not easy to practices in the companies because it need a lot of resources to make it really work. Scope and Limitation This study was carried out among all Marriott International in going green program. The Marriott International, Inc.s operations are grouped into the five business segments which are North American Limited-Service Lodging, North American Full-Service Lodging, Luxury Lodging, International Lodging and Timeshare. This study also for defined the level of go green in Marriott International Corporate by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Significance of the Study The significant of this research proposal is to evaluate the level of going green activities that practices or organized by Marriott International Corporate. According to The New York Times (2009), the Marriott International announced that they would no longer deliver newspapers to every guestroom in the morning. They only will deliver to which guest rooms had requested a newspaper or can pick one up in the lobby. Although that change is arguably as much about saving money more than saving trees. Marriott had assessed that it would reduce the newspaper distribution at its hotels to about 18 million only annually. Furthermore, this research is for acknowledge people around the world to know how important and advantages of going green in hospitality industries now a days. Now, most of the knowledge people are targeting the greening companies to cooperate with than normal companies. This is why more and more companies going to practising greening in their company because followed by the trend of all around the world. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review will begin with an essential understanding of the key points needed in order to accomplish the aim of the project. The research will be analysed in the literature to help construct an academic structure on the definition and concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The literature will also evaluate the purpose of sustainable development in the hospitality industry and its advantages and limitations. One area which has been particularly analysed is the going green programmes that practice by the hospitality industry as it contains most of the key areas. Furthermore, the literature reviews also analysing the views, theories arguments and perspectives of previous authors for assessment. The literature reviews also will finally perform as a source with which to analyse the differing perspectives on these key points identify gaps for argument and highlight key issues associated with going green programme in hospitality. 2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility Definitions and Concepts The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown considerably over the last decade due to an increasing number of companies formally recognising the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economy (Jones et.al, 2006). CSR issues are now being combined into all parts of the business operations. CSR is made in the missions, visions and value statements of companies all around the world (Ofori and Hinson, 2007). Definitions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have, however, remained an area of deliberation from the concepts very beginnings. A variety of definitions have been framed. The Commission of the European Communities, Brussels (2001, p.6 ) defines CSR as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a concept whereby companies integrate environmental and social concerns in the business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. Therefore, CSR is not just fulfilling legal responsibilities but may also go beyond compliance to embrace wider social, environmental and economic goals (Brussels, 2001). The concept of CSR is one which has emerged over the last 50 years to occupy a significant role in certain aspects of organisational theory and has only been in wide use since the 1960s (Meehan et al., 2006). CSR was eventually recognised as businesses that are part of society and have the potential to make a positive impact to the social goals (Jones et al., 2006). CSR therefore seems to be synonymous with charitable and voluntary acts by business organisations designed to improve social skills. Conversely, Donaldson and Preston (1995) believe that businesses are not responsible to society but responsible to their stakeholders and view CSR from this perspective. Furthermore, one of most cited definitions of CSR is defined by the World Bank (2003), which defines CSR as the responsibility of businesses to contribute to the sustainable economic development which working with internal stakeholders, the local community, and society to improve the quality of life which is positive for business and development. The similarity among these different definitions of CSR is that companies should engage in CSR behaviour as part of their organisational strategy. Bevan et al. (2004) list nine potential benefits of CSR which include reduced operating costs; improved profitability and financial performance; enhanced capability to innovate; better risk and crisis management; long-term sustainability for companies and the workforce; improved staff commitment and involvement; good relations with government and society; enhanced reputation and brand value; and enhanced customer relationships and increased awareness of customer needs. 2.3 The Sustainability Development of the Hotel Industry International Tourism Partnership (2010) defines the term green in business as initially related to the environmental issues. It also has evolved to include all aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability. Sloan et al. (2009) define a sustainable hospitality operation as one which manages its resources in such a way that economic, social and environmental benefits are maximised in order to meet the need of the present generation while protecting and increasing opportunities for future generations. According to Green Hotels Association (2010), Green Hotels have gained a foothold in lodging operators contribution to societys concern for the environment which focuses on programmes which are designed to reduce solid waste, save water and save energy. Programme components such as towel rack hangers and sheet-changing cards have achieved positive responses by hotel management staff as well as guests for over ten years. The UK hotel sector would appear to accept that it does have an impact on the environment (Brown, 1996). This is not only confirmed by exploratory research but also through the formation of the International Tourism Partnership (ITP). The ITP has published an environmental magazine, the Green Hotelier, whose readership cares about environmentally and socially responsible hotel behaviour as focused on positive sustainable travel and tourism development (International Tourism Partnership, 2010). According to research by the Carbon Trust (Green hotelier, 2010), rising energy prices and taxes are the biggest worries facing the British hospitality industry in 2010. This view is supported by Alexander and Kennedy (2002) who find that the most wasteful and costly of resources usage in hotels are commonly in the consumption of over water usage, non-renewable energy and also the overall wastage. 2.4 The state of CSR within the Hospitality and Tourism Industry The state of CSR within hospitality and tourism enterprises may be slightly different from that in other businesses. Since 1992, the trend in the hospitality and tourism industry has been to focus on environmental concerns, use of technology, and efficient use of energy (Henderson, 2001). European hospitality organisations have established two initiatives that improve CSR in the European hospitality sector which are European Federation of Food and Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions (EFFAT) and Green Hotels (Holcomb, 2007). In 2004, the EFFAT and the Confederation of National Associations of Hotels, Cafà ©s and Restaurants in Europe drafted the agreement parameters for employers to sign a joint document on CSR, concerning working conditions, pay, equal opportunity, training, health and safety, and restructuring (The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2008). These combined actions would appear to show the hospitality industrys adoption of and commitment to socially respo nsible behaviour as opposed to externally derived governmental compliance directives. 2.5 Green initiatives, incentives and green wash Nunes and Bennett (2010) list two categories of green initiatives that are operational in the marketplace. Firstly, businesses focus on integrating green features into the design or characteristics of individual products, for instance, developing a laundry detergent that is eco-friendly. Secondly, larger proportions of resources have been committed to reductions in the amount of waste generated and energy used, and also to building green and limiting CO2 emissions from production. In a major study, Alexander and Kennedy (2002) propose a Zero Waste Approach that includes energy efficiency, water conservation and solid waste reduction, which can increase efficiency, provide cost savings, reduce the burden of extraction from and waste to nature, and allow more resources to be available. This view is supported by Nunes and Bennett (2010) who suggest that, ideally, green behaviour should go beyond simply creating a recyclable product to a more holistic incorporation of sustainable values into a corporations core principles and values. Bohdanowicz et al. (2005) finds that the availability of facility-specific data and access to information on the relevant best practice are essential for assessing and benchmarking the environmental performance of hotel facilities. Alexander and Kennedy (2002) suggest an option for conserving energy which is implement energy-efficient projects in space heating and cooling systems. For instance, The Hyatt Regency International Hotel in New Zealand developed a project to link energy use with room occupancy which has saved $14,000 of energy annually (Hyatt, 2010). Alexander and Kennedy (2002) suggest that low-flow shower heads and tap aerators are some options for water conservation, which are becoming common among hotel facilities, and the payback period can be three years depending on the extent of the project. For instance, Green Hotels Association (2010) observed water use in the La Quinta Inn, San Antonio that had saved 180,000 gallons of water per year by installing ultra-flow toi lets, low-flow shower heads and aerating taps in each room. In addition, Priesnitz (2008, p.14 ) defines greenwash as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the acts of misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service. Whellams and MacDonald (2007) label the corporations as greenwashers if they spend more on corporate image advertising that boasts about humanitarian programmes than on the programmes themselves, for instance, charities, donations or contributions. Greenwashing can have fatal effects on a companys trustworthiness. This view is supported by Priesnitz (2008) who points out that not only are a firms customers deceived, but, that greenwashing can also ruin relationships with all stakeholders. 2.6 Case study of Accor and Hilton Based on their total room number and location of their hotels, the two hotel groups selected for case study were Accor Hotel Group (Europe) and Hyatt Corporation (USA), being in 2009 the top 10 hotel groups in UK (Caterersearch, 2010). Marriott International Corporate also is one of the top 10 hotel groups in UK. Company Number of hotels Number of rooms Number of hotels worldwide 1 Whitbread Hotel Company 577+ 40,000+ 580 2 InterContinental Hotels Group 248 34,955 4,200 3 Travelodge (Dubai  International Capital) 372 23,150 380+   4 Accor Hotels 138 19,996 4,000 5 Hilton Hotels Corporation 78 16,566 3,200   6 Best  Western 285 15,305 4,035   7 Wyndham Worldwide 122 12,274 7,000 8   Marriott Hotels 58 12,015 3,200   9 Carlson  Hotels Worldwide   50 9,718 1,030 10   The  Rezidor Hotel Group  Ã‚   42 7.759 380 Table 1: Top 10 Hotel Groups in the UK, 2009 by number of bedrooms. (Caterersearch, 2010) Accor Group Hotels Accor currently manages 4,100 hotels under 13 different brands worldwide (Accor, 2010). The philosophy of Accor Corporation is respect for diverse cultures and incorporating environmental best practices in all its properties operations (Accor, 2010). The goals of their Earth Guest programme, launched in 2006, are to reduce water and energy consumption, promote balanced nutrition and to double, in three years, the number of hotels that offer fair-trade products (Accor, 2010). The programme is divided into two parts which are a social responsibility development area (EGO) and an environmental responsibility development area (ECO) (Accor, 2010). EGO is includes programmes for local development, the protection of children, combating of epidemics and the promotion of healthy eating. Besides that, the ECO is includes the reduction of water and energy usage and the preservation of biodiversity, as well as the upgrading of waste sorting and recycling (Accor, 2008 and 2009). The Hoteliers Environmental Charter is Accors internal benchmarking tool and provides the local hotel managers with guidelines for environmentally sustainable business practices. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (2010), the 88% of 4,000 Accors properties has adopted Hoteliers Environmental Charter. The Charter gives hotel managers and employees clear instructions on how resources can be saved in the areas of energy, water and waste (Accor, 2008). The first and second point of Hoteliers Environmental Charter considers is energy and water (Accor, 2010). Compact fluorescent light bulbs are used in 82% hotels for areas that remain light 24 hours a day (Accor, 2010). Accor also continued to promote the use of renewable energy sources, installing solar-powered hot water systems in 32 hotels in 2009, with a total of 99 hotels now equipped worldwide (Accor, 2009). Accor is actively involved in water conservation measures and water usage per occupied room, total was reduced 4% between 2006 and 2009 (Accor, 2009). Moreover, flow-regulators have now been installed in showers and faucets in 89% of hotels (Accor, 2009). Accor actively promotes waste sorting and recycling as well as eco-designed products for instance, 51% of hotels recover paper, cardboard and glass (Accor, 2008). Accor has improved its performance in waste management by manage with a dedicated waste management module that monitor the amount of waste produced per room, the recovery rate and the cost of waste disposal (Accor, 2009). Waste Traceability mainly concerns the separation of waste, where the company already achieves a high score in France owing to its proactive information policy (Accor, 2008). According to Accor (2010), their hotel prefers eco-labelled suppliers. In 2002, Accor dispatched an environmental purchasing charter to its purchasing organisations as well as to over 2,000 preferred suppliers (Sloan et al., 2009). Hilton Hotels Currently, Hilton Hotels Corporation has more than 3,200 hotels and 525,000 rooms in 77 countries. In 2009, Hilton is new global headquarters in McLean, Virginia which meets the highest environmental standard for his design, operation and construction (Environmental Leader, 2009). Besides that, the sustainability target that aims in coming 2014 by Hilton Hotels was announced. Those include: 20 per cent: Reducing energy consumption from direct operations; 20 per cent: Reducing output of waste; 20 per cent: Reducing CO2 emissions; And 10 per cent: Reducing the water consumption. Furthermore, Hilton had already started to green its properties operations. Hilton says that it was reduced CO2 emissions in Hilton hotels that participating by more than 64,000 tons or 56 per cent of its carbon footprint. Those are from the introduction of carbon-free electricity at its properties in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Moreover, they also said that, it has also reduced around 10 per cent in over the last two years for the water consumption and energy usage. Hilton Hotels also reported that, in May it has delivered more than 10 per cent in last year of energy savings which across more than 80 hotels in the Europe. Summary In 2007, the Association of Corporate Travel Executives had conducted a survey which showed that, only 1/3 of corporate travel policies had promoted the sustainable tourism. Most of the major hotel chains are looking the ways to participate in green concept to their hotels; the water and energy conservation became popular ways to greening. Therefore, Marriott International has set their goal to lowering the GHG emissions around 2.2 million pounds by 2010 which said by Ed Fuller- the president and managing director of Marriott. Besides that, Wolfgang Neuman of Hilton Hotels also looking toward the eco-friendly in solar heating, air-conditioning and heat recovery systems to extract the water waste from another system and use it in other ways in short term period. As well as the 200 of Accors hotels in France will have Solar Panels by 2010. CHAPTER THREE Methodology 3.1 Introduction In this research, in order to obtain the broad of knowledge about environmental operating practise in the hotel industry, a wide range of secondary sources will be reviewed. In addition, research strategy adopted was to conduct multiple case studies in two top hotel and Marriott companies in Europe and the USA. The main data collection techniques used in this research study was documentation analysis and content analysis. This chapter is divided into three sections. First, the interpretive stance in the field of information system is examined; second section is about the construction of the secondary research design which deals with the research design and covers the reasons for selecting resources; third section is describes the research approach followed in case study research. 3.2 Research Design Currently, the secondary literatures have increase rapidly, particularly as new resources which are developed or ready through the internet (Saunders et al., 2009). In this research project, secondary research will allow the research to incorporate suitable and reliable data of green operation initiative in hospitality, so that all the gathered data can respond to the research questions relating to the green activities of hotel in Europe and the USA. Secondary research differs from primary research in the collection of the documentary is not the responsibility of the analyst. Stewart and Kamins (1993) was point out that the analyst enters the picture after the data collection effort is over in secondary research. On the other hand, in primary research, the analyst is responsible for the design of research, the collection of data and the analysis and summary of the information (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Secondary data although, has lack of direct control of the date, type, and procedure for collecting and recording of the data (Sauder et al, 2009), however, secondary data is more financial and time saving. For instance, secondary data particularly not necessary to wait for or pay to marketing researchers for a research project to collect primary data. By using secondary data, author can has more time and effort in analysing and interpreting the data, as it has already been collected. Secondary research moreover may increase the quality of the research by targeting the real dilemma and mistakes. Consultation on secondary resources increases the efficiency of the research by targeting real gaps and oversights in knowledge. Primary research therefore has not been used in this project due to the wide variety of secondary data has been found. Primary research methods such as, questionnaires or interviews will not provide relevant information for this topic. On this basis, it can be concluded that secondary research is the main source of information provided in this study including information from academic journals, books, corporate reports and internet. Nevertheless, author should analyse cautiously the information gathered to determine its validity and reliability. This is because the research only uses one kind of research models and the argument generated about research topic. 3.3 Sources of Data 3.3.1 Secondary Data Secondary research data is the key resource of information incorporate in this research proposal. However, the different secondary resources might have different type of information. A guideline for obtain valid and reliable information from different resources therefore, has been designed which can found in Table 2. Type of information Resources that might have that information Established facts and figures Reference books; official publications; government web sites General information on a topic Books of collected articles; text books; web sites of relevant organisations Reviews of the literature on a topic Journal articles; books of collected articles Publications of recent research results Journal articles; proceedings of conferences Professional and academic debates Journal articles; web sites of relevant organisations; newspapers Table 2: The types of resources that provided different information. In order to justify the authors arguments and

A Developmental Study Of Alex In Kubricks A Clockwork Orange Essay

A Developmental Study of Alex in Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange Synopsis of A Clockwork Orange In A Clockwork Orange, the main character is that of a mildly young child of 15 who, along with his fellow friends, or "Droogs", partake in evenings of Ultra-Violence. Ultra Violence consists of random beatings, theft, destruction, and rape. The main character, Alex, is the self-proclaimed leader of the pack, and makes judgment on their actions pending on his mood. His Droogs eventually find themselves under his direct rule, following his every word, and decide to challenge his authority. The three Droogs (Dim, Georgie, and Pete) join Alex on his romp to a local "fat farm" to pillage the goods therein. Inside, Alex stumbles upon the owner of the resort, and after a length scuffle with her, ends up giving her a blow to the head with a rather large, ceramic replica of an erect penis. When he leaves the outer gates of the complex, Dim surprises him by smacking a milk bottle against his face. His counterparts escape while little Alex is left bleeding and blinded to deal with the police. Upon interrogation of Alex, he discovers that the blow he delivered to the young lady was a fatal one. He is charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to 14 years in prison. While there, he befriends the resident minister and becomes a helper to his service. The minister, Alex soon discovers, is a part in a new form of treatment that is trying to be implemented prisons to help "cure" inmates from committing acts of violence. Through luck and discussion with the higher officials in the prison, Alex is chose to be a guinea pig for the experiment, and is sent to become "inoculated from violence". The treatment consisted of Alex being strapped down to a chair in front of a cinema screen, having electrodes attached to his head, and being kept focused by small pairs of clamps used to disable his ability to blink. This, along with the injection of an experimental serum, is monitored whilst he views movies of UltraViolence. The serum leaves him vulnerable to his surroundings, which are destructive films, and induces such feelings of helplessness, fear, and near-death paralysis, similar to that of drowning. Alex soon associates thi... ...sounds of Beethoven were not intentional, thus not needing reinforcement. However, Alex's trauma could also be referred to as a Skinner approach to treatment. Skinner's theory was that one could achieve a conditioned response by giving the subject positive or negative reinforcement. In his experiments, a mouse was put in a cage with nothing but a pressable button and a light. When the bar was depressed, the light flashed and food was delivered into the cage. If the mouse were dropped into a similar cage, it would be safe to assume that it would retain the reaction to hit a bar and receive food. The conditioned response was to hit the bar when hungry. The reinforcement was the food that was provided by completing the response. In Alex's case, the reinforcement would be the metal satisfaction of not going through with his violent needs when he is subjected to violent surroundings. In conclusion, the theories used as a basis behind Stanley Kubrik's A Clockwork Orange, resemble that of the theories that came from the greater thinkers of modern time. Alex, the guinea pig in this tale, is a classic example of many psychologist's case studies, and could be analyzed differently from each.

Domestic Issues Faced By The United States Of America Essay

Human Rights – human rights in the United States has been criticized for their practices and policies. The record shows that human rights in the United States are complicated and controversial issue. Racial discrimination – Whether they are African American or Native American they are all human beings. Policy advice – blacks should be treated equally and can have the same opportunities and protection from the government just like the whites get. Segregation of white and black is a good consideration too. Inhumane Treatment Death Penalty – human rights is the maximum and irreversible denial under the death penalty. It is controversial for its capital punishment. It is inhumane, cruel and unusual violation. Policy advice is to prohibit execution. Prison System – imprisonment of children and teenagers. A lot of mistreatment, rape, sexual abuse etc. Those behaviors are unlawful. Policy advice – give medical care, stop prisoner rape, add more security and abolish death sentence. GLOBAL ISSUES FACED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Global Warming – ‘the earth’s temperature is rising’. Policy advice – we have to have a major sacrifices to solve the problem. Global Health Issues – ‘every year millions of people die needlessly because of poverty’. Policy advice – privatization of health system. World Hunger and Poverty Land Rights – ‘owning of land’. Policy advice – build a program to provide land ownership for the poor. Rainforest Destruction – one effect of the banana industry is ‘rainforest destruction and dependent economies. Policy advice – prioritize the local market before exporting. To conclude, it is important to know our rights in the society because each one of us is entitled to have our own niche in this country and even in this world. R E F E R E N C E S Free, Marvin D. Jr. (November 1997). â€Å"The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans† 28 (2): pp. 268-286. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1 Anup Shah, Food and Agriculture Issues, GlobalIssues. org, Created: Monday, December 03, 2007 http://www. globalissues. org/food/

Robin Hood Case Study Discussion Essays

Robin Hood Case Study Discussion Essays Robin Hood Case Study Discussion Paper Robin Hood Case Study Discussion Paper 1. Describe how Robin Hood developed his initial strategy for competing with the sheriff of Nottingham and discuss how he implemented it. Critique this approach. The original problem definition of high taxation that faced the people gave way for a new market which was stormed by Robin Hood. Seemingly an unlawful act, his mission was to â€Å"steal from the rich, and give to the poor†. As he entered the market, he was faced with rivalry of the prince and the sheriff. Robin Hood and his band of Merry men stole from the rich and gave to the poor which is in actuality is entirely opposite to the actions of his rivals. As Robin Hood entered the existing niche market he gained popularity and support amongst the common folk as he was supplying a unique good/service. He provides a free service to the poor after his operating expenses are accounted for. Also, the people had a preference for his product and tactics were not easily matched or copied by the competition. By obtaining this support, this strategy was to his advantage against Prince John and the sheriff. The opinion of numerous common folk would have persuaded Prince John to change the law of unfair taxation. Robin quickly realized that there was little he could do himself; which led to development of the organization by stimulating human resources. He sought close allies who would follow his vision of vengeance for the sheriff and the prince. These men would act as direct subordinates, however as time progress, admittance was allowed with less scrutiny whereby the only determining factor was loyalty. He believed strength lay in numbers. Robin implemented his strategy of ‘strength in numbers’ by seeking discipline from his band of men which ensured unity in the organization. This was achieved through a specific department within the organizational hierarchy. As a result they became more powerful in their battle against the sheriff. This forced the Merry Men to live outside the law which was also desired to gain sufficient discipline in the group. This organization was fairly simple. Critique By acquiring a large extent of subordinates, Robin obtained a work force that is not necessarily trained as he allowed any to join who asked few questions. In doing so, extra man-hours would have to be spent in training. Also if prescreening of the new entrants existed, the idea of using the entrants with existing skills can give way for a more efficient organization. I. e. farmers would have been used not for war but for food. As the largest internal dilemma faced the band was an increased group size infrastructure, supplies and other physical resources would quickly diminish. Thus cutting cost should be priority, thus tradeoffs can be made by employing skilled workers for defined job. E. g. famers and hunters With the ideal of improper interview, his organization could be easily infiltrated by his competitors thus relieving their plan and strategies. 2. Identify organizational characteristics and environment characteristics that would lead you to think robin hood is wise to considering a change in strategy as he enters his campaign second year? Robin’s organization could be seen as one of a hierarchy, he is the highest person in the organization which can put him in roles such as C. E. O. or chairman. His responsibility is to delegate specific task to his lieutenants, each has their own functions which contributes to the success of the merry men as a unit. For example Will Scarlett was assigned the important task of shadowing the sheriff and notifying the merry men of the sheriff next move. Figure 1: Robins Organizational Hierarchy The motivation of the band was vital to keeping them interested in the purpose of the vendetta. Motivation theory seeks to explain all kinds of motivated behavior in different situations, including behavior in the organizations. Since the majority of behavior is sense motivated, individuals are greatly influenced by their environment. Maslow’s theory of human motivation, all people have a need or desire for self respect, self esteem, and respect from others. This directly applies to the Merry Men, for they sought respect and were proud of their famous motto â€Å"Rob from the rich and give to the poor†. The resourced based model was important in the success of the group; five factors were looked at which the band demonstrated resources, capability, competitive advantage, attractive industry, strategy formulation and implementation. The resource of the group came from the merchants that travel through the forest, initially the resource was always available but t was quickly becoming sparse as merchants was choosing a different route. The men were properly trained to plan their robbery and skillful in their archery, however, the influxes of new recruits were beginning to strain the reserves of the group as training and food was costly. Robin and the merry men had the support from their customers which were the peasants and farmers but now as income was low and the maintenance cost was high they would have to tax the very people which they helped meaning that the peasants and farmers could turn on them and add to their troubles. Understanding the resource base of the group I could see why a change in strategy was wise. Figure 2: Resourced Based Model Robin and his organization were in crisis due to lack of a proper corporate strategy. The merry men were growing, with large number of new recruits but the organic structure is not cohesive. Communication and discipline is being broken down, table 3 below shows some options robin could use and their SWOT analysis. | Opportunities | Threats | Strengths| SO Strategies: Kill the Sheriff * Wipe him out, no more problems * Has the men to do it When the sheriff is gone, disband. ST Strategies: Join the barons * Has the fighting force * Get access to capital markets * Maybe ends the conflict quicker| Weakness | WO Strategies: Limit size of band * Turn the fighting band into a group of elites * Maintains discipline * Solves food issues * Basically, curtail growth| WT Strategies: Disband * Give up the cause, return to normal life * Robin flees to another country to escap e punishment| Figure 3: SWOT Matrix Problems Robin and his organization faced: * Lack of discipline Maintenance cost * Shelter/space shortage * Food shortage * training * security and vigilance (whoever wanted to join was taken in and there could be traitors and spies) These problems need to be address if the band is to have any chance against the sheriff and prince John. 3. Assume that Robin Hood has asked you to help him devise a new strategy. Identify a set of factors for him to consider in revising strategy. It was evident from the story that Robin Hood needed to change his approach owing to both internal and external factors. An uncontrolled workforce along with unsuitable supplier location led to the brink of economic viability. Changing the overall goal of his organization to fixed transit taxation would decrease his competitive advantage over the Sheriff. As a result the cost of amenities which Mr. Hood provided to the common folk would increase. If he chooses this path he would lose his loyal supporters which kept him in control of the monopolized market. The farmers and townspeople would then favor Prince John’s governance and rely on his pity for commodities. In the event of this situation Robin Hood’s main foe, The Sheriff would become stronger in light of his political connection with the prince. Although his work force was constantly growing, its productivity was diminutive. He claimed that he was not familiar with a large population of his organization. It would be in Robin’s best interest to restructure his work force. He would gain an advantage by decentralizing the team into several self sustaining units; each unit consisting of team manager, lieutenants and miscellaneous subordinates. Akin to a franchised organization, each team unit would be operating under the Robin Hood brand name, have the same goal as Robin, and operate within the limits of Robin. This structure would be less demanding to co-ordinate and allow him to devise alternate strategies. Since Robin also had a problem with a definitive Sherwood Forest location, this structure would also aid his disguise from his suppliers, the rich merchant travelers and the Sheriff. It is an imprudent choice for Robin to divert from his core competency and profound skill of banditry. The change in profession may lead to a lack of enthusiasm which would reflect poorly through the eyes of his followers and his brand name. References: Analyzing Strategic Management Cases Date Accessed: 02nd February 2011 The Business Operations of Robin Hood and the Merry men Author: Sumeet Malhotra Date updated: 2010 Date Accessed: 05th February 2011 ROBIN HOOD a Case Study Author: Misti Walker   Date updated: 05th September 2009 Date Accessed: 05th February 2011 Case Study 24 Robin Hood Book Winning In The Market Place Second Edition   Date update: 2011 Date Accessed: 07th February 2011 Robin Hood Case Analysis Author: Aaron labin, Curt Matthews, Rich Miller scribd. com/doc/37469551/Robin-Hood-Final Date updated: 14th April 2009 Date Accessed: 07th February 2011